September 30, 2023
Kirkpatrick Model: Evaluating the Future
In the span of half a century, the educational landscape has undergone an unprecedented transformation, driven by technology and process automation. Gone are the days of physical gradebooks, for instance; now, Learning Management Systems (LMSs) and online assessment tools are utilized to track grades. While digital tools have modernized many aspects of educational administration, teachers continue to rely on traditional assessment models to gain a deeper understanding of learner progress. Among the various methods for evaluating a learner's success in achieving the learning objectives, the Kirkpatrick model is often the go-to framework. However, considering this model was first created in a world without today's technological advancements, its relevance in today’s digital age is worth considering, especially given the transformative impact of technology on nearly every facet of education over the last 50 years. It's crucial to explore whether the Kirkpatrick model needs an update to better cater to the needs of modern learners in this tech-driven educational landscape.
A History Lesson
As the name suggests, the Kirkpatrick Model was created by Dr. Donald Kirkpatrick during his doctoral studies in the early 1950s. In his studies, he investigated how training programs can be evaluated effectively. During his observations, he categorized the complex assessment process into four distinct steps: Reaction, Learning, Behavior, and Results. It is interesting to note that he abandoned his research after he completed his Ph.D. (Biscontini, 2021). However, when an editor of a training journal persuaded him to publish his research, he revisited his work and went on to publish his studies. Kirkpatrick formalized his model and continued to report on case studies and evidence supporting its effectiveness for the next several decades, following interest from the academic community. As stated by Kirkpatrick (2011), "I never called them the four levels but other trainers began to publish articles and referenced my work as Kirkpatrick's Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4." Well, he may have never called them that, but the name stuck.
Present Day
Technology, when thoughtfully integrated, has the capacity to not only engage learners but also facilitate their growth and development. By embracing Kirkpatrick's framework, we embark on a journey that centers on optimizing technology's role in crafting learning environments that are not only efficient but also transformative, ultimately enabling learners to reach their full potential. Here are some of those ways among each evaluation level:
01 | Reaction
To create engaging and effective e-learning experiences, it's essential to understand and assess student reactions. Technology tools play a significant role in gathering feedback from learners. Surveys, online discussion forums, and social media platforms enable educators to gauge students' attitudes and satisfaction with the learning process.
02 | Learning Outcomes
The second level of Kirkpatrick's framework focuses on assessing the impact of technology tools on learning outcomes. Instructional designers can employ a variety of tools and platforms to monitor and measure student progress. Learning management systems (LMS) provide valuable data on student engagement, completion rates, and assessment results.
03 | Behavior
To achieve meaningful changes in teaching practices and technology integration, it is essential to provide necessary support and professional development to educators. Technology tools can be harnessed to facilitate this process. Webinars, online courses, and virtual communities of practice offer accessible and flexible opportunities for teachers to enhance their digital literacy and pedagogical skills.
04 | Results
Finally, Level 4 of Kirkpatrick's model emphasizes using insights gained from evaluations to make informed decisions and refine practices. Technology tools, such as data analytics and dashboards, provide decision-makers with actionable information. By analyzing data on student performance, feedback, and teacher development, educational institutions can make data-driven decisions to enhance overall learning outcomes.
Final Thoughts
In today's educational landscape, the integration of technology tools holds immense promise for enriching the learning experiences of all learners. One of the essential tools for harnessing this potential is Kirkpatrick's 4 Levels of Evaluation. This framework proves invaluable, as it empowers educators and instructional designers to systematically assess the effectiveness of technology tools in achieving successful learning outcomes and experiences. With some thoughtful modifications to align with the evolving educational context, Kirkpatrick's framework can remain as effective today as it was 50 years ago, ensuring its continued relevance and utility in modern learning environments.
References
Biscontini, T. (2021). Kirkpatrick Model (evaluation model). Salem Press Encyclopedia.
Patioti, A., Kazanidis, I., & Pange, J. (2023). Educational Design and Evaluation Models of the Learning Effectiveness in E-Learning Process: A Systematic Review. 24(4), 318–347.
Reiser, Robert A.; Dempsey, John V. (2017) Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology. Pearson Education.
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