Raeven Fowler

December 13, 2023

Does ADDIE Add Up?

Instructional design models provide systematic frameworks for crafting effective learning experiences. Central to these models is a focus on the learner, their specific needs, and the intended learning outcomes. While many models exist, each typically embodies fundamental principles of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Among them, the ADDIE model stands out as one of the most frequently cited. If you're involved in the world of educational design, chances are you've come across this model. But as the field of instructional design continue to evolve, does the ADDIE model still hold its ground, or are there alternative approaches better suited for eLearning today?

Methodology

Florida State University introduced the ADDIE model in 1975 to develop training for the US armed forces (Guptill, 2015). Originally referred to as Instructional System Design (ISD) when adopted by civilians, there's now a blurred line between ADDIE and ISD. Both methodologies consist of five linear phases: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. For those of you who are new to the ADDIE model, here’s a brief rundown:

01 | Analysis

The initial phase, Analyze, involves a comprehensive needs assessment. This phase typically encompasses a Needs Analysis, Task Analysis, and Audience Analysis, ensuring a learner-centric foundation is built. By addressing questions about what is being taught and the optimal learning environment, this phase forms the bedrock for the subsequent steps.

02 | Design

Before actual content production begins, the Design phase is about crafting the overarching learning experience. This is where learning objectives are clarified, and evaluation methods are determined. All the information the learner needs to know will be flushed out in this phase in the form of an Instructional Design Plan (IDP), storyboards, and more.

03 | Development

In the Development phase, all the groundwork completed comes to fruition and the curated content is integrated to shape the end-user experience. The learning environment is meticulously structured, graphic elements are designed, videos are produced, and materials are meticulously aligned with the established objectives. Pilot and end-user testing (UAT) may take place to assure quality and provide an opportunity for necessary refinements.

04 | Implement

With the Implement phase, the instruction is finally rolled out to the target audience, but the work isn't done yet! The designer continues to monitor the instruction, ensuring that strategies are well received, technical hiccups are addressed, and any challenges in the curriculum are identified.

04 | Evaluate

The final phase, Evaluate, emphasizes summative evaluation, distinguishing it from the formative assessments completed in earlier phases. During this phase, the success of the learning experience is measured against the goals set in Phase One, Analyze. Through tools like post-instruction surveys or final exams, designers can gauge the effectiveness of their instruction. This feedback is vital for understanding the current project's success.

Advantages

Personally, my first introduction to ADDIE was a great one. The model's phased structure provided a clear and concise roadmap, ensuring every aspect of my project was planned for. Each phase seamlessly builds on an earlier phase, thus creating a methodical progression. This gave me confidence that my project outcomes were not just well-conceived but also meticulously executed. Interestingly, the appeal of the ADDIE model isn't confined to instructional design alone. Industries like commercial game design, architecture, and process improvement have also recognized its potency in achieving project objectives (Hirumi et. ala, 2010). The widespread use of ADDIE across diverse fields further highlights another of its strengths as a trusted project framework. The language it uses is universal. This ensures a cohesive understanding of all parties involved, fostering clear communication, guidelines, and standardization for any project. Scalability is one of the most notable features of the ADDIE model, making it suitable for projects of any size - from long-term campaigns to short-term projects. While the model is condensed, it still retains its structure framework and is still capable of completing all five phases.

Limitations

The ADDIE model, while foundational, encounters certain challenges in the fast-paced world of eLearning. A key issue is its linear nature, which might not fully accommodate the intricacies of online course design where real-time feedback and rapid modifications are vital (Wolverton & Hollier, 2022). While ADDIE provides a thorough framework, its sequential approach can be less adaptive to the dynamic needs of eLearning platforms and technologies. eLearning demands agility, considering its diverse, global audience with varying learning habits and tech accessibility. The model's emphasis on exhaustive initial analysis and design could postpone the release of critical online courses, rendering it less suited for immediate eLearning requirements. Additionally, ADDIE's structured approach may inadvertently curb creativity and innovation, both of which are essential for immersive eLearning experiences.

Final Thoughts

The ADDIE model has long served as a project roadmap for instructional designers, myself included. Due to our rapidly changing digital landscape, it's advisable to employ it as a flexible guideline rather than a strict roadmap. For example, the ADDIE model could be modernized and adapted to fit the needs of eLearning development by incorporating iterative design processes, encouraging more real-time feedback, and incorporating adaptable eLearning modules that can be fine-tuned without overhauling the entire design. As a crucial refinement for today, the design and development phases should also incorporate rapid prototyping. This will enable teams to quickly test and validate their ideas before investing too much time or resources. This also helps to identify potential issues early in the process, saving time and money.

By taking these steps, designers can better address the distinct needs of learners and adjust approaches in real-time to suit a diverse and global eLearning landscape. Given today's eLearning environment—characterized by global distribution, diversity, and varying levels of technology access and learning preferences—such improvements can refine the ADDIE framework to better address the complexities of contemporary online learning environments.

References

J.Hirumi, A., Appelman, B., Riebe, L., & Van Eck, R. (2010). Preparing Instructional Designers for Game-Based Learning: Part 1. TechTrends, 54, 27–37.

Guptill, A. (2015), "Universal Design for Online Learning", Accessible Instructional Design (Advances in Special Education Technology, Vol. 2), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 47-75.

Wolverton, C., & Hollier, B. G. (2022). Guidelines for Incorporating Active Learning Into the Design of Online Management Courses Utilizing the Successive Approximation Model (SAM). International Journal of Education & Development Using Information & Communication Technology, 18(1), 264–274.v

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